Wingtip vortices are tubes of circulating air that are left behind a wing as it generates lift.

They are caused by the difference in pressure above and below the wing causing the air to 'escape' from the high pressure area below the wing to the low pressure area above the wing, by rolling around the tip of the wing. This creates a vortex that trails behind the wing.

The critical engine of a multi-engine, fixed-wing propeller-driven aircraft is the one whose failure would result in the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance.

Due to the asymmetric blade effect (P-factor), the right-hand engine typically develops its resultant thrust vector at a greater lateral distance from the aircraft's C.G. than the left-hand engine.

The failure of the left-hand engine will result in a larger yaw effect via the operating right-hand engine, rather than vice-versa, and it is termed the Critical Engine. Since the operating right-hand engine produces a stronger yaw moment, the pilot will need to use larger control deflections in order to maintain aircraft control. Thus, the failure of the critical (left-hand) engine is less desirable than failure of the right-hand engine.

The operating right-hand engine will produce a more severe yaw towards the dead engine, thus making the failure of the left-hand engine critical.

Mcrit

At the tip

Barber pole on the ASI, flying at a Mach number at altitude and audible warnings.

None. The go around procedure is distinct from the take off procedure. You will still have an acceleration altitude, but you will not have a screen height, V1, Vr, V2, flap retraction altitude, etc.

Minimum Safe Altitude.

The ratio between the wing span and the mean chord line.

A high aspect ratio is associated with good lift to drag ratio, i.e.: Gliders.

A low aspect ratio is usually associated with fast aircraft, i.e.: Fighter jets.

For every 1kg of air passing through the combustion chamber, 11kg of air pass bypass the combustion chamber.

To notify the crew of the aircraft of a particular position on the IAP.

Locators have been largely replaced with Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), but they can sometimes be found associated with Outer or Middle Markers where they are referred to as Locator Outer Marker (LOM) or Locator Middle Marker (LMM).